20 August

636     Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine away from the Byzantine Empire, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests and the rapid advance of Islam outside Arabia.

984     Pope John XIV (died)

1153    Bernard of Clairvaux (died), French theologian and saint (born 1090)

1308   Pope Clement V pardons Jacques de Molay, the last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, absolving him of charges of heresy.

1384   Geert Groote (died), Dutch preacher, founded the Brethren of the Common Life (born 1340)

1561    Jacopo Peri (born), Italian composer (died 1633)

1580   Jerónimo Osório (died), Portuguese historian (born 1506)

1611     Tomás Luis de Victoria (died), Spanish composer (born 1548)

1613    Duchess Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg (born) (died 1676)

1639    Martin Opitz (died), German poet (born 1597)

1707    The first Siege of Pensacola comes to end with the failure of the British to capture Pensacola, Florida.

1710    Thomas Simpson (born), English mathematician (died 1761)

1719    Christian Mayer (born), Czech astronomer and educator (died 1783)

1775    The Spanish establish the Presidio San Augustin del Tucson in the town that became Tucson, Arizona.

1779    Jöns Jacob Berzelius (born), Swedish chemist (died 1848)

1794    Battle of Fallen Timbers    American troops force a confederacy of Shawnee, Mingo, Delaware, Wyandot, Miami, Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawatomi warriors into a disorganized retreat.

1799    James Prinsep (born), English orientalist and scholar (died 1840)

1823   Pope Pius VII (died) (born 1740)

1833   Benjamin Harrison (born), American general, lawyer, and politician, 23rd President of the United States (died 1901)

1849   Charles Hubbard (born), American archer (died 1923)

1858   Charles Darwin first publishes his theory of evolution through natural selection in The Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, alongside Alfred Russel Wallace’s same theory.

1866   President Andrew Johnson formally declares the American Civil War over.

1881    Edgar Guest (born), English-American poet (died 1959)

1882   Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture debuts in Moscow, Russia.

1886   Paul Tillich (born), German-American philosopher and theologian (died 1965)

1890   H. P. Lovecraft (born), American author and poet (died 1937)

1905    Jack Teagarden (born), American singer-songwriter and trombonist (died 1964)

1910    Eero Saarinen (born), Finnish-American architect, designed the Gateway Arch (died 1961)

1912    William Booth (died), English preacher, co-founded The Salvation Army (born 1829)

1913    Roger Wolcott Sperry (born), American neuropsychologist and neurobiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1994)

1914    Pope Pius X (died) (born 1835)

1914    World War I: German forces occupy Brussels.

1915    Paul Ehrlich (died), German physician, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1854)

1917    Adolf von Baeyer (died), German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1835)

1918    Jacqueline Susann (born), American author (died 1974)

1920   The first commercial radio station, 8MK (now WWJ), begins operations in Detroit, Michigan.

1926    Japan’s public broadcasting company, Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK) is established.

1931    Don King (born), American boxing promoter

1935    Ron Paul (born), American physician, captain, and politician

1936    Hideki Shirakawa (born), Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate

1940   British Prime Minister Winston Churchill makes the fourth of his famous wartime speeches, containing the line “Never was so much owed by so many to so few”.

1940   In Mexico City, Mexico exiled Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky is fatally wounded with an ice axe by Ramón Mercader. He dies the next day.

1941    Slobodan Milošević (born), Serbian politician, 1st President of Serbia (died 2006)

1942    Isaac Hayes (born), American singer-songwriter, pianist, producer, and actor (died 2008)

1946    Connie Chung (born), American journalist

1947    James Pankow (born), American trombonist and songwriter (Chicago)

1948   Robert Plant (born), English singer-songwriter (Led Zeppelin, Band of Joy, The Honeydrippers, and Page and Plant)

1949    Alan Hardwick (born), English journalist, actor, and producer

1949    Phil Lynott (born), English-Irish singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer (Thin Lizzy, Skid Row, and Grand Slam) (died 1986)

1950    Korean War: United Nations repel an offensive by North Korean divisions attempting to cross the Naktong River and assault the city of Taegu.

1951    Mohamed Morsi (born), Egyptian politician, 5th President of Egypt

1954    Al Roker (born), American journalist, actor, and author

1955    In Morocco, a force of Berbers from the Atlas Mountains region of Algeria raid two rural settlements and kill 77 French nationals.

1960   Senegal breaks from the Mali Federation, declaring its independence.

1962    The NS Savannah, the world’s first nuclear-powered civilian ship, embarks on its maiden voyage.

1968   Soviet Union-dominated Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia, crushing the Prague Spring.

1970    Fred Durst (born), American singer-songwriter, actor, and director (Limp Bizkit)

1975    Viking Program: NASA launches the Viking 1 planetary probe toward Mars.

1977    Voyager Program: NASA launches the Voyager 2 spacecraft.

1980   Langhorne Slim (born), American singer-songwriter and guitarist

1986   In Edmond, Oklahoma, U.S. Postal employee Patrick Sherrill guns down 14 of his co-workers and then commits suicide.

1988   Iran–Iraq War: a ceasefire is agreed after almost eight years of war.

1991    Dissolution of the Soviet Union, August Coup: more than 100,000 people rally outside the Soviet Union’s parliament building protesting the coup aiming to depose President Mikhail Gorbachev.

1991    Estonia, annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940, issues a decision on the re-establishment of independence on the basis of historical continuity of its pre-World War II statehood.

1998   U.S. embassy bombings: the United States launches cruise missile attacks against alleged al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan and a suspected chemical plant in Sudan in retaliation for the August 7 bombings of American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.

2002   A group of Iraqis opposed to the regime of Saddam Hussein take over the Iraqi Embassy in Berlin, Germany for five hours before releasing their hostages and surrendering.

2007   Leona Helmsley (died), American businesswoman (born 1920)

2009   Larry Knechtel (died), American keyboard player and bassist (Bread) (born 1940)

2012   Phyllis Diller (died), American actress (born 1917)

2012   Virginia Dwyer (died), American actress (born 1919)

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EO Smith

Interests include biological anthropology, evolution, social behavior, and human behavior. Conducted field research in the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya and on Angaur, Palau, Micronesia, as well as research with captive nonhuman primates at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and the Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya.
EO Smith
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