12 February

1218      Kujō Yoritsune  (born), Japanese shogun (died 1256)

1502      Vasco da Gama sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on his second voyage to India.

1554      A year after claiming the throne of England for nine days, Lady Jane Grey is beheaded for treason.

1554      Lady Jane Grey  (died), English daughter of Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk (born 1537)

1571       Nicholas Throckmorton (died), English diplomat and politician (born 1515)

1606      John Winthrop the Younger  (born), English-American politician, Governor of Connecticut (died 1676)

1637      Jan Swammerdam  (born), Dutch biologist (died 1680)

1663      Cotton Mather  (born), American minister (died 1728)

1665      Rudolf Jakob Camerarius  (born), German botanist and physician (died 1721)

1728      Étienne-Louis Boullée  (born), French architect (died 1799)

1733      Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, and its first city at Savannah (known as Georgia Day).

1771       Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden.

1775      Louisa Adams  (born), American wife of John Quincy Adams, 6th First Lady of the United States (died 1852)

1785      Pierre Louis Dulong  (born), French physicist (died 1838)

1787      Norbert Provencher  (born), Canadian clergyman and missionary (died 1853)

1788      Carl Reichenbach  (born), German chemist and philosopher (died 1869)

1789      Ethan Allen (died), American farmer, soldier, and politician (born 1738)

1791       Peter Cooper  (born), American businessman and philanthropist, founded Cooper Union (died 1883)

1794      Alexander Petrov  (born), Russian chess player (died 1867)

1799      Lazzaro Spallanzani (died), Italian biologist (born 1729)

1804      Heinrich Lenz  (born), German physicist (died 1865)

1804      Immanuel Kant (died), German philosopher (born 1724)

1809      Abraham Lincoln  (born), American lawyer and politician, 16th President of the United States (died 1865)

1809      Charles Darwin  (born), English scientist and theorist (died 1882)

1825      The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west.

1832      Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands.

1851      Edward Hargraves announces that he has found gold in Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia, starting the Australian gold rushes.

1855      Michigan State University is established.

1857      Eugène Atget  (born), French photographer (died 1927)

1861      Lou Andreas-Salomé  (born), Russian-German psychoanalyst and author (died 1937)

1877      Louis Renault  (born), French businessman, co-founded Renault (died 1944)

1880     John L. Lewis  (born), American union leader (died 1969)

1881      Anna Pavlova  (born), Russian ballerina (died 1931)

1884      Alice Roosevelt Longworth  (born), American daughter of Theodore Roosevelt (died 1980)

1884      Marie Vassilieff  (born), Russian painter (died 1957)

1884      Max Beckmann  (born), German painter and sculptor (died 1950)

1885      Julius Streicher  (born), German publisher, founded Der Stürmer (died 1946)

1893      Omar Bradley  (born), American general (died 1981)

1894      Anarchist Émile Henry hurls a bomb into the Cafe Terminus in Paris, France, killing one and wounding 20.

1894      Hans von Bülow (died), German conductor, pianist, and composer (born 1830)

1903      Joseph F. Biroc  (born), American cinematographer (died 1996)

1904      Ted Mack  (born), American radio and television host (died 1976)

1908      Jean Effel  (born), French painter and journalist (died 1982)

1909      The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded.

1912       The Xuantong Emperor, the last Emperor of China, abdicates.

1914       In Washington, D.C., the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place.

1914       Tex Beneke  (born), American singer, saxophonist, and bandleader (Glenn Miller Orchestra) (died 2000)

1915       Lorne Greene  (born) Canadian actor (died 1987)

1916       Joseph Alioto  (born), American politician, 36th Mayor of San Francisco (died 1998)

1917       Dom DiMaggio  (born), American baseball player (died 2009)

1919       Forrest Tucker  (born), American actor (died 1986)

1920      William Roscoe Estep  (born), American historian and educator (died 2000)

1923      Franco Zeffirelli  (born), Italian director, producer, and politician

1926      Charles Van Doren  (born), American quiz show contestant

1926      Joe Garagiola  (born), American baseball player and television host

1930      Arlen Specter  (born), American politician (died 2012)

1934      Anne Krueger  (born), American economist

1935      Auguste Escoffier (died), French chef and author (born 1846)

1935      USS Macon, one of the two largest helium-filled airships ever created, crashes into the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California and sinks.

1938      Judy Blume  (born), American author

1939      Ray Manzarek  (born), American singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer (The Doors, Rick & the Ravens, Manzarek–Krieger, and Nite City) (died 2013)

1941       Naomi Uemura  (born), Japanese explorer (died 1984)

1942      Grant Wood (died), American painter (born 1891)

1944      Moe Bandy  (born), American singer and guitarist

1945      David D. Friedman  (born), American economist

1946      African American United States Army veteran Isaac Woodard is severely beaten by a South Carolina police officer to the point where he loses his vision in both eyes. The incident later galvanizes the Civil Rights Movement and partially inspires Orson Welles’ film Touch of Evil.

1946      World War II: Operation Deadlight ends after scuttling 121 of 154 captured U-boats.

1947      A meteor creates an impact crater in Sikhote-Alin, in the Soviet Union.

1947      Christian Dior unveils a “New Look”, helping Paris regain its position as the capital of the fashion world.

1949      Hassan al-Banna (died), Egyptian educator founded the Muslim Brotherhood (born 1906)

1950      Steve Hackett  (born), English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (Genesis, Quiet World, and GTR)

1952      Michael McDonald  (born) American singer-songwriter and keyboard player (Steely Dan and The Doobie Brothers)

1953      Joanna Kerns  (born), American actress and director

1956      Brian Robertson  (born), Scottish guitarist and songwriter (Thin Lizzy, Motörhead, and Wild Horses)

1961       Soviet Union launches Venera 1 towards Venus.

1963      Construction begins on the Gateway Arch in St. Louis.

1968      Christopher McCandless  (born), American adventurer (died 1992)

1968      Gregory Charles  (born), Canadian singer, dancer, pianist, and actor

1968      Josh Brolin  (born), American actor

1968      Phong Nhi and Phong Nhat massacre.

1971       James Cash Penney (died), American businessman, founded J. C. Penney (born 1875)

1974      Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, is exiled from the Soviet Union.

1976      Sal Mineo (died), American actor (born 1939)

1983      Eubie Blake (died), American pianist and composer (born 1887)

1994      Four men break into the National Gallery of Norway and steal Edvard Munch’s iconic painting The Scream.

1995      Philip Taylor Kramer (died), American bass player (Iron Butterfly) (born 1952)

1999      President Bill Clinton is acquitted by the United States Senate in his impeachment trial.

2000     Charles M. Schulz (died), American cartoonist, created Peanuts (born 1922)

2000     Screamin’ Jay Hawkins (died), American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor (born 1929)

2000     Tom Landry (died), American football player and coach (born 1924)

2002     The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, begins at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands. He dies four years later before its conclusion.

2004     The city of San Francisco, California begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in response to a directive from Mayor Gavin Newsom.

2007     Peggy Gilbert (died), American saxophonist and bandleader (born 1905)

2009      Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashes into a house in Clarence Center, New York while on approach to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, killing all on board and one on the ground.

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EO Smith

Interests include biological anthropology, evolution, social behavior, and human behavior. Conducted field research in the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya and on Angaur, Palau, Micronesia, as well as research with captive nonhuman primates at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and the Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya.
EO Smith
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