31 January

36 BC   Antonia Minor (born), Greek daughter of Mark Antony (died 38 AD)

1606     Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes is executed for plotting against Parliament and King James.

1606     Guy Fawkes (died), English conspirator, leader of the Gunpowder Plot (born 1570)

1673     Louis de Montfort (born), French priest and saint (died 1716)

1720     Thomas Grey (died), 2nd Earl of Stamford, English politician (born 1654)

1747     The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Lock Hospital.

1797     Franz Schubert (born), Austrian composer (died 1828)

1801     John Marshall is appointed the Chief Justice of the United States.

1846     After the Milwaukee Bridge War, Juneautown and Kilbourntown unify as the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

1848     John C. Frémont is court-martialed for mutiny and disobeying orders.

1862     Alvan Graham Clark discovers the white dwarf star Sirius B, a companion of Sirius, through an 18.5-inch (47 cm) telescope now located at Northwestern University.

1865     American Civil War: The United States Congress passes the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, abolishing slavery and submits it to the states for ratification.

1865     American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief.

1872     Zane Grey (born), American author (died 1939)

1881     Irving Langmuir (born), American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1957)

1892     Eddie Cantor (born), American singer-songwriter, actor, and dancer (died 1964)

1902     Tallulah Bankhead (born), American actress (died 1968)

1902     Alva Myrdal (born), Swedish sociologist and politician, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1986)

1905     John O’Hara (born), American author (died 1970)

1914     Jersey Joe Walcott (born), American boxer (died 1994)

1915     World War I: Germany is the first to make large-scale use of poison gas in warfare in the Battle of Bolimów against Russia.

1915     Garry Moore (born), American comedian and game show host (died 1993)

1917     World War I: Germany announces that its U-boats will resume unrestricted submarine warfare after a two-year hiatus.

1919     Jackie Robinson (born), American baseball player (died 1972)

1920     Stewart Udall (born), American politician, 37th United States Secretary of the Interior (died 2010)

1921     John Agar (born), American actor (died 2002)

1921     Carol Channing (born), American actress and singer

1921     Mario Lanza (born), American tenor and actor (died 1959)

1923     Norman Mailer (born), American author and journalist (died 2007)

1929     The Soviet Union exiles Leon Trotsky.

1930     3M begins marketing Scotch Tape.

1931     Ernie Banks (born), American baseball player and coach

1934     James Franciscus (born), American actor (died 1991)

1937     Suzanne Pleshette (born), American actress (died 2008)

1938     Beatrix of the Netherlands (born)

1938     James G. Watt (born), American politician, 43rd United States Secretary of the Interior

1939     Claude Gauthier (born), Canadian singer-songwriter and actor

1941     Dick Gephardt (born), American politician

1942     World War II: Allied forces are defeated by the Japanese at the Battle of Malaya and retreat to the island of Singapore.

1944     World War II: American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands.

1944     World War II: During the Anzio campaign the 1st Ranger Battalion (Darby’s Rangers) is destroyed behind enemy lines in a heavily outnumbered encounter at Battle of Cisterna, Italy.

1944     Charlie Musselwhite (born), American singer-songwriter and harmonica player

1945     US Army private Eddie Slovik is executed for desertion, the first such execution of an American soldier since the Civil War.

1949     These Are My Children, the first television daytime soap opera is broadcast by the NBC station in Chicago.

1950     President Harry S. Truman announces a program to develop the hydrogen bomb.

1954     Edwin Howard Armstrong (died), American engineer, invented FM radio (born 1890)

1955     John Mott (died), American YMCA leader, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1865)

1956     A. A. Milne (died), English author (born 1882)

1958     Explorer program: Explorer 1     The first successful launch of an American satellite into orbit.

1958     James Van Allen discovers the Van Allen radiation belt.

1961     Project Mercury: Mercury-Redstone 2     Ham the Chimp travels into outer space.

1966     The Soviet Union launches the unmanned Luna 9 spacecraft as part of the Luna program.

1968     Viet Cong attack the United States embassy in Saigon, and other attacks, in the early morning hours, later grouped together as the Tet Offensive.

1970     Slim Harpo (died), American singer and harmonica player (born 1924)

1971     Apollo program: Apollo 14         Astronauts Alan Shepard, Stuart Roosa, and Edgar Mitchell, aboard a Saturn V, lift off for a mission to the Fra Mauro Highlands on the Moon.

1971     The Winter Soldier Investigation, organized by the Vietnam Veterans Against the War to publicize war crimes and atrocities by Americansand allies in Vietnam, begins in Detroit, Michigan.

1974     Samuel Goldwyn (died), Polish-American film producer (born 1882)

1976     Ernesto Miranda (died), American criminal, inspired the Miranda rights (born 1941)

1978     Brad Rutter (born), American game show contestant, the biggest all-time money winner on Jeopardy!

1990     The first McDonald’s in the Soviet Union opens in Moscow.

1995     President Bill Clinton authorizes a $20 billion loan to Mexico to stabilize its economy.

2001     In the Netherlands, a Scottish court convicts Libyan Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and acquits another Libyan citizen for their part in the bombing ofPan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988.

2010     Avatar becomes the first film to gross over $2 billion worldwide.

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EO Smith

Interests include biological anthropology, evolution, social behavior, and human behavior. Conducted field research in the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya and on Angaur, Palau, Micronesia, as well as research with captive nonhuman primates at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and the Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya.
EO Smith
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