3 January

106 BC  Cicero (born), Roman politician and philosopher (died 43 BC)

1431       Joan of Arc is handed over to Bishop Pierre Cauchon.

1496      Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying machine.

1521       Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.

1777      American General George Washington defeats British General Lord Cornwallis at the Battle of Princeton.

1795      Josiah Wedgwood (died), English potter, founded the Wedgwood Company (born 1730)

1823      Stephen F. Austin receives a grant of land in Texas from the government of Mexico.

1870      Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins.

1888     The refracting telescope at the Lick Observatory, measuring 91 cm in diameter, is used for the first time. It was the largest telescope in the world at the time.

1892      J. R. R. Tolkien (born), English philologist and author (died 1973)

1894      ZaSu Pitts (born), American actress (died 1963)

1895      James Merritt Ives (died), American lithographer and businessman, co-founded Currier and Ives (born 1824)

1909      Victor Borge (born), Danish-American pianist and comedian (died 2000)

1925      Benito Mussolini announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy.

1938      The March of Dimes is established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

1944      World War II: Top Ace Major Greg “Pappy” Boyington is shot down in his Vought F4U Corsair by Captain Masajiro Kawato flying a Mitsubishi A6M Zero.

1945      Stephen Stills (born), American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer (Buffalo Springfield, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Manassas)

1946      John Paul Jones (born), English bass player, songwriter, and producer (Led Zeppelin and Them Crooked Vultures)

1947      Proceedings of the U.S. Congress are televised for the first time.

1956      A fire damages the top part of the Eiffel Tower.

1957      The Hamilton Watch Company introduces the first electric watch.

1961       A core explosion and meltdown at the SL-1, a government-run reactor near Idaho Falls, Idaho, kills three workers.

1961       The United States severs diplomatic relations with Cuba.

1962      Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro.

1969      Michael Schumacher (born), German race car drive

1976      The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights comes into effect.

1977      Apple Computers is incorporated.

1979      Conrad Hilton (died), American businessman, founded the Hilton Hotels & Resorts (born 1887)

1980      Joy Adamson (died), Czech author (born 1910)

1981      Eli Manning (born), American football player

1988      Joie Chitwood (died), American race car driver and stuntman (born 1912)

1989      Sergei Sobolev (died), Russian mathematician (born 1909)

1990      Former leader of Panama Manuel Noriega surrenders to American forces.

1993      In Moscow, Russia, George Bush and Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START).

1996      The Motorola StarTAC, the first flip phone and one of the first mobile phones to gain widespread consumer adoption, goes on sale.

2000     The last original weekday Peanuts comic strip is published.

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EO Smith

Interests include biological anthropology, evolution, social behavior, and human behavior. Conducted field research in the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya and on Angaur, Palau, Micronesia, as well as research with captive nonhuman primates at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and the Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya.
EO Smith
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