4 March

51            Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth).

1188       Blanche of Castile (born) (died 1252)

1193       Saladin, Iraqi-Egyptian sultan (born 1137)

1238       Joan of England, Queen of Scotland (born 1210)

1303       Daniel of Moscow, Russian saint (born 1261)

1394       Henry the Navigator (born), Portuguese son of John I of Portugal (died 1460)

1461       Wars of the Roses in England: Lancastrian King Henry VI is deposed by his House of York cousin, who then becomes King Edward IV.

1484       Saint Casimir, Polish prince (born 1458)

1492       Francesco de Layolle (born), Italian organist and composer (died 1540)

1493       Explorer Christopher Columbus arrives back in Lisbon, Portugal, aboard his ship Niña from his voyage to what is now The Bahamas and other islands in the Caribbean.

1519       Hernándo Cortés arrives in Mexico in search of the Aztec civilization and their wealth.

1615       Hans von Aachen, German painter (born 1552)

1628       The Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a Royal charter.

1655       Fra Galgario (born), Italian painter (died 1743)

1665       Philip Christoph von Königsmarck (born), Swedish soldier (died 1694)

1675       John Flamsteed is appointed the first Astronomer Royal of Englandied

1678       Antonio Vivaldi (born), Italian violinist and composer (died 1741)

1681       Charles II grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania.

1744       John Anstis, English historian (born 1669)

1762       Johannes Zick, German painter (born 1702)

1776       American Revolutionary War: The Continental Army fortifies Dorchester Heights with cannons, leading the British troops to abandon the Siege of Boston.

1781       Rebecca Gratz (born), American educator and philanthropist (died 1869)

1789       In New York City, the first Congress of the United States meets, putting the United States Constitution into effect. The United States Bill of Rights is written and proposed to Congress.

1790       David “Robber” Lewis (born), American criminal (died 1820)

1790       France is divided into 83 départements, cutting across the former provinces in an attempt to dislodge regional loyalties based on ownership of land by the nobility.

1791       A Constitutional Act is introduced by the British House of Commons in London which envisages the separation of Canada into Lower Canada(Quebec) and Upper Canada (Ontario).

1791       Vermont is admitted to the United States as the fourteenth state.

1792       Samuel Slocum (born), American inventor (died 1861)

1793       Karl Lachmann (born), German philologist (died 1851)

1793       Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre, French admiral (born 1725)

1794       The 11th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is passed by the U.S. Congress.

1807      Abraham Baldwin, American educator and politician (born 1754)

1817       Edwards Pierrepont (born), American lawyer and politician, 34th United States Attorney General (died 1892)

1826       Theodore Judah (born), American engineer, founded the Central Pacific Railroad (died 1863)

1828      Owen Wynne Jones (born), Welsh clergyman and author (died 1870)

1832       Jean-François Champollion, French philologist and scholar (born 1790)

1837       The city of Chicago is incorporatedied

1847       Carl Josef Bayer, Austrian chemist (died 1904)

1851       James Richardson, English explorer (born 1809)

1853       Christian Leopold von Buch, German geologist and paleontologist (born 1774)

1854       Napier Shaw, English meteorologist (died 1945)

1858      Matthew C. Perry, American navy officer (born 1794)

1861       The first national flag of the Confederate States of America (the “Stars and Bars”) is adoptedied

1862       Jacob Robert Emden, Swiss astrophysicist and meteorologist (died 1940)

1863       Reginald Innes Pocock, English zoologist (died 1947)

1864       David W. Taylor, American architect and engineer (died 1940)

1864       Thomas Starr King, American minister (born 1824)

1865       The third and final national flag of the Confederate States of America is adopted by the Confederate Congress.

1866       Eugène Cosserat, French mathematician and astronomer (died 1931)

1868      Jesse Chisholm, American guide (born 1805)

1870      Thomas Sturge Moore, English poet (died 1944)

1871       Boris Galerkin, Russian mathematician and engineer (died 1945)

1876       Theodore Hardeen, Hungarian-American magician (died 1945)

1877       Fritz Graebner, German geographer and ethnologist (died 1934)

1877       Garrett Morgan, American inventor (died 1963)

1881       Richard C. Tolman, American physicist and chemist (died 1948)

1882      Britain’s first electric trams run in east London.

1888      Knute Rockne, American football player and coach (died 1931)

1889      Robert William Wood, American painter (died 1979)

1890      The longest bridge in Great Britain, the Forth Rail Bridge in Scotland, measuring 1,710 feet (520 m) long, is opened by the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII.

1891       Lois W., American activist, co-founder of Al-Anon (died 1988)

1893       Adolph Lowe, German sociologist and economist (died 1995)

1893       Charles Herbert Colvin, American engineer, co-founded the Pioneer Instrument Company (died 1985)

1901       Charles Goren, American bridge player and author (died 1991)

1901       Wilbur R. Franks, Canadian scientist (died 1986)

1903       Carrie Best, Canadian journalist (died 2001)

1903       John Scarne, American magician (died 1985)

1903       William C. Boyd, American immunologist (died 1983)

1908      T. R. M. Howard, American surgeon and activist (died 1976)

1909       George Edward Holbrook, American engineer (died 1987)

1909       U.S. President William Taft used what became known as a Saxbe fix, a mechanism to avoid the restriction of the U.S. Constitution’s Ineligibility Clause, to appoint Philander C. Knox as U.S. Secretary of State

1910       Knut Ångström, Swedish physicist (born 1857)

1913       The United States Department of Labor is formed

1914       Robert R. Wilson, American physicist, sculptor, and architect (died 2000)

1916       Hans Eysenck, German-English psychologist (died 1997)

1916       William Alland, American actor, producer, and director (died 1997)

1917       Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first female member of the United States House of Representatives.

1918       The first case of Spanish flu occurs, the start of a devastating worldwide pandemic.

1918       The USS Cyclops departs from Barbados and is never seen again, presumably lost with all hands in the Bermuda Triangle.

1919       Buck Baker, American race car driver (died 2002)

1926       Henri de Contenson, French archaeologist

1926       Richard DeVos, American businessman, co-founded Amway

1932       Ed Roth, American illustrator (died 2001)

1933       Frances Perkins becomes United States Secretary of Labor, the first female member of the United States Cabinet.

1934       Sandra Reynolds, South African tennis player

1936       Jim Clark, Scottish race car driver (died 1968)

1938       George Foster Peabody, American banker and philanthropist (born 1852)

1941       World War II: The United Kingdom launches Operation Claymore on the Lofoten Islands; the first large scale British Commando raidied

1942       David Matthews, American keyboard player (Manhattan Jazz Quintet)

1943       World War II: The Battle of the Bismarck Sea in the South West Pacific comes to an endied

1944       Bobby Womack, American singer-songwriter (The Valentinos)

1944       Harvey Postlethwaite, English engineer (died 1999)

1944       World War II: After the success of Big Week, the USAAF begins a daylight bombing campaign of Berlin.

1946       Bror von Blixen-Finecke, Swedish hunter (born 1886)

1950       Adam Rainer, Austrian dwarf and giant (born 1899)

1950       Rick Perry, American politician, 47th Governor of Texas

1953       Emilio Estefan, Cuban-American drummer and producer

1957       The S&P 500 stock market index is introduced, replacing the S&P 90.

1963       Jason Newsted, American bass player and songwriter (Metallica, Voivod, and Flotsam and Jetsam)

1969       Chaz Bono, American author and activist

1969       Matt Tilley, Australian comedian and radio host

1974       People magazine is published for the first time in the United States as People Weekly.

1976       The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention is formally dissolved in Northern Ireland resulting in direct rule of Northern Ireland from London by the British parliament.

1977       The 1977 Vrancea Earthquake in southern and eastern Europe kills more than 1,500, mostly in the seriously damaged Bucharest in Romania.

1978       Joe Marsala, American clarinet player and songwriter (born 1907)

1979       Mike Patto, English singer and keyboard player (Spooky Tooth, Boxer, Patto, and Timebox) (born 1942)

1980      Nationalist leader Robert Mugabe wins a sweeping election victory to become Zimbabwe’s first black prime minister.

1983       Bertha Wilson is appointed the first woman to sit on the Supreme Court of Canada.

1985       The Food and Drug Administration approves a blood test for AIDS, used since then for screening all blood donations in the United States.

1986       Elizabeth Smart, Canadian poet and author (born 1913)

1986       The Soviet Vega 1 begins returning images of Halley’s Comet and the first images of its nucleus.

1992       Mary Osborne, American guitarist (born 1921)

1994       John Candy, Canadian comedian and actor (born 1950)

1996       Minnie Pearl, American comedian and singer (born 1912)

1998       Gay rights: Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that federal laws banning on-the-job sexual harassment also apply when both parties are the same sex.

1999       Harry Blackmun, American jurist (born 1908)

2007      Estonian parliamentary election, 2007: Approximately 30,000 voters take advantage of electronic voting in Estonia, the world’s first nationwide voting where part of the vote casting is allowed in the form of remote electronic voting via the Internet.

2009      The International Criminal Court (ICC) issues an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Darfur. Al-Bashir is the first sitting head of state to be indicted by the ICC since its establishment in 2002.

2011       Mikhail Simonov, Russian aircraft designer, designed the Sukhoi Su-27 (born 1920)

2011       Simon van der Meer, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1925)

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EO Smith

Interests include biological anthropology, evolution, social behavior, and human behavior. Conducted field research in the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya and on Angaur, Palau, Micronesia, as well as research with captive nonhuman primates at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and the Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya.
EO Smith
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