4 February

211        Septimius Severus (died), Roman emperor (born 145)

1169       A strong earthquake struck the Ionian coast of Sicily, causing tens of thousands of injuries and deaths, especially in Catania.

1454       In the Thirteen Years’ War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederation sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master.

1677       Johann Ludwig Bach (born), German violinist and composer (died 1731)

1703       In Edo (now Tokyo), 46 of the Forty-seven Ronin commit seppuku (ritual suicide) as recompense for avenging their master’s death.

1713       Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (died), English politician (born 1671)

1725       Dru Drury (born), English entomologist (died 1804)

1746       Tadeusz Kościuszko (born), Polish-American general (died 1817)

1778       A. P. de Candolle (born), Swiss botanist (died 1841)

1789       George Washington is unanimously elected as the first President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.

1794       The French legislature abolishes slavery throughout all territories of the French Republic. It will be reestablished in the French West Indies in 1802.

1797       The Riobamba earthquake strikes Ecuador, causing up to 40,000 casualties.

1801       John Marshall is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States.

1810       The Royal Navy seizes Guadeloupe.

1825       The Ohio Legislature authorizes the construction of the Ohio and Erie Canal and the Miami and Erie Canal.

1831       Oliver Ames (born), American politician, 35th Governor of Massachusetts (died 1895)

1846       Nikolay Umov (born), Russian physicist and mathematician (died 1915)

1846       The first Mormon pioneers make their exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois, westward towards Utah Territory.

1859       The Codex Sinaiticus is discovered in Egypt.

1861       American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama, delegates from six break-away U.S. states meet and form the Confederate States of America.

1895       Nigel Bruce (born), English actor (died 1953)

1899       The Philippine–American War begins with the Battle of Manila.

1902       Charles Lindbergh (born), American pilot and activist (died 1974)

1902       Hartley Shawcross, Baron Shawcross (born), German-English lawyer and politician, Attorney General for England and Wales (died 2003)

1906       Dietrich Bonhoeffer (born), German pastor and theologian (died 1945)

1913       Rosa Parks (born), American activist (died 2005)

1918       Ida Lupino (born), English actress and director (died 1995)

1936       Radium becomes the first radioactive element to be made synthetically.

1941       John Steel (born), English drummer (The Animals)

1941       The United Service Organization (USO) is created to entertain American troops.

1944       Florence LaRue (born), American singer and actress (The 5th Dimension)

1945       World War II: The British Indian Army and Imperial Japanese Army begin a series of battles known as the Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations.

1945       World War II: The Yalta Conference between the “Big Three” (Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin) opens at the Livadia Palace in the Crimea.

1948       Alice Cooper (born), American singer-songwriter and actor

1948       Ceylon (later renamed Sri Lanka) becomes independent within the British Commonwealth.

1966       Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor (died), Turkish-American journalist (born 1875)

1967       Albert Orsborn (died), American 6th General of The Salvation Army (born 1886)

1967       Lunar Orbiter program: Lunar Orbiter 3 lifts off from Cape Canaveral’s Launch Complex 13 on its mission to identify possible landing sites for the Surveyor and Apollo spacecraft.

1969       Yasser Arafat takes over as chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization.

1973       Oscar De La Hoya (born), American boxer

1974       M62 coach bombing: The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) explodes a bomb on a bus carrying off-duty British Armed Forces personnel in Yorkshire, England. Nine soldiers and three civilians are killed.

1974       The Symbionese Liberation Army kidnaps Patty Hearst in Berkeley, California.

1976       In Guatemala and Honduras an earthquake kills more than 22,000.

1976       The 1976 Winter Olympics opens in Innsbruck, Austria.

1977       A Chicago Transit Authority elevated train rear-ends another and derails, killing 11 and injuring 180, the worst accident in the agency’s history.

1980      Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini names Abolhassan Banisadr as president of Iran.

1983       Karen Carpenter (died), American singer and drummer (The Carpenters) (born 1950)

1987       Carl Rogers (died), American psychologist (born 1902)

1987       Liberace (died), American singer-songwriter and pianist (born 1919)

1987       Meena Keshwar Kamal (died), Afghan activist, founded the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (born 1956)

1992       A coup d’état is led by Hugo Chávez against Venezuelan President Carlos Andrés Pérez.

1996       Major snowstorm paralyzes Midwestern United States, Milwaukee, Wisconsin and ties its all-time record low temperature at -26°F (-32.2°C)

1997       After at first contesting the results, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević recognizes opposition victories in the November 1996 elections.

1997       En route to Lebanon, two Israeli Sikorsky CH-53 troop-transport helicopters collide in mid-air over northern Galilee, Israel killing 73.

1998       An earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter Scale in northeast Afghanistan kills more than 5,000.

1999       Unarmed West African immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by four plainclothes New York City police officers on an unrelated stake-out, inflaming race-relations in the city.

2000      Doris Coley (died), American singer (Shirelles) (born 1941)

2003      The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is officially renamed Serbia and Montenegro and adopts a new constitution.

2004      Facebook, a mainstream online social networking site, is founded by Mark Zuckerberg.

2006      A stampede occurs in the ULTRA Stadium near Manila killing 71.

2006      Betty Friedan (died), American author and activist (born 1921)

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EO Smith

Interests include biological anthropology, evolution, social behavior, and human behavior. Conducted field research in the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya and on Angaur, Palau, Micronesia, as well as research with captive nonhuman primates at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and the Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya.
EO Smith
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