25 March

421         Venice is founded at twelve o’clock noon, according to legend.

717         Theodosios III resigns the throne to the Byzantine Empire to enter the clergy.

1199       Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France, leading to his death on April 6.

1306       Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scotland.

1539       Christopher Clavius (born), German mathematician and astronomer (died 1612)

1541       Francesco I de’ Medici (born), Grand Duke of Tuscany (died 1587)

1555       The city of Valencia is founded in present-day Venezuela.

1584       Sir Walter Raleigh is granted a patent to colonize Virginia.

1634       The first settlers arrive in Maryland.

1655       Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christiaan Huygens.

1712       Nehemiah Grew (died), English anatomist and physiologist (born 1641)

1736       Nicholas Hawksmoor (died), English architect, designed Easton Neston and Christ Church (born 1661)

1802      The Treaty of Amiens is signed as a “Definitive Treaty of Peace” between France and the United Kingdom.

1807      The Slave Trade Act becomes law, abolishing the slave trade in the British Empire.

1807      The Swansea and Mumbles Railway, then known as the Oystermouth Railway, becomes the first passenger carrying railway in the world.

1811       Percy Bysshe Shelley is expelled from the University of Oxford for publishing the pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism.

1818       Caspar Wessel (died), Norwegian-Danish mathematician and cartographer (born 1745)

1821       (Julian Calendar) Traditional date of the start of the Greek War of Independence. The war had actually begun on 23 February 1821. The date was chosen in the early years of the Greek state so that it falls on the day of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, strengthening the ties between the Greek Orthodox Church and the newly found state.

1867       Arturo Toscanini (born), Italian conductor (died 1957)

1867       Gutzon Borglum (born), American sculptor, designed Mount Rushmore (died 1941)

1881       Béla Bartók (born), Hungarian pianist and composer (died 1945)

1894       Coxey’s Army, the first significant American protest march, departs Massillon, Ohio, the Brightwood Camp, for Washington D.C. to protest the unemployment due to the Panic of 1893.

1907       Ernst von Bergmann (died), German surgeon (born 1836)

1911        Jack Ruby (born), American murderer (died 1967)

1917       Elizabeth Storrs Mead (died), American academic (born 1832)

1918       Claude Debussy (died), French composer (born 1862)

1918       Howard Cosell (born) American journalist (died 1995)

1921       Simone Signoret (born), German-French actress (died 1985)

1925       Flannery O’Connor (born), American author (died 1964)

1931       The Scottsboro Boys are arrested in Alabama and charged with rape.

1932       Gene Shalit (born), American critic

1934       Gloria Steinem (born), American journalist and activist, co-founded the Women’s Media Center

1937       Tom Monaghan (born), American businessman, founded Domino’s Pizza

1938       Hoyt Axton (born), American singer-songwriter and actor (died 1999)

1940       Anita Bryant (born), American model and singer

1942       Aretha Franklin (born), American singer-songwriter and pianist

1943       Paul Michael Glaser (born), American actor and director

1943       William H. Ginsburg (born), American lawyer (died 2013)

1947       Elton John (born), English singer-songwriter, pianist, producer, and actor

1948       The first successful tornado forecast predicts that a tornado will strike Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma.

1957       The European Economic Community is established (West Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg).

1957       United States Customs seizes copies of Allen Ginsberg’s poem “Howl” on the grounds of obscenity.

1958       Canada’s Avro Arrow makes its first flight.

1965       Civil rights activists led by Martin Luther King, Jr. successfully complete their 4-day 50-mile march from Selma to the capitol in Montgomery, Alabama.

1965       Sarah Jessica Parker (born), American actress, singer, and producer

1966       Jeff Healey (born), Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist (The Jeff Healey Band) (died 2008)

1966       Tom Glavine (born), American baseball player

1969       During their honeymoon, John Lennon and Yoko Ono hold their first Bed-In for Peace at the Amsterdam Hilton Hotel (until March 31).

1971       The Army of the Republic of Vietnam abandon an attempt to cut off the Ho Chi Minh trail in Laos.

1975       Faisal of Saudi Arabia (born 1906) is shot and killed by a mentally ill nephew.

1976       Wladimir Klitschko (born), Ukrainian boxer

1979       The first fully functional space shuttle orbiter, Columbia, is delivered to the John F. Kennedy Space Center to be prepared for its first launch.

1982       Danica Patrick (born), American race car driver

1984       Katharine McPhee (born), American singer-songwriter and actress

1988      Robert Joffrey (died), American dancer, choreographer, and director, co-founded the Joffrey Ballet (born 1930)

1995       James Samuel Coleman (died), American sociologist (born 1926)

1995       WikiWikiWeb, the world’s first wiki, and part of the Portland Pattern Repository, is made public by Ward Cunningham.

1996       An 81-day-long standoff between the anti-government group Montana Freemen and law enforcement near Jordan, Montana, begins.

1996       The European Union’s Veterinarian Committee bans the export of British beef and its by-products as a result of mad cow disease (Bovine spongiform encephalopathy).

2006      Buck Owens (died), American singer and guitarist (The Buckaroos) (born 1929)

 

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EO Smith

Interests include biological anthropology, evolution, social behavior, and human behavior. Conducted field research in the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya and on Angaur, Palau, Micronesia, as well as research with captive nonhuman primates at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and the Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya.
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