21 March

537         Siege of Rome: King Vitiges of the Ostragoths attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the Vivarium, by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas and Peranius.

630         Emperor Heraclius returns the True Cross, one of the holiest Christian relics, to Jerusalem.

1152       Annulment of the marriage of King Louis VII of France and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine.

1413       Henry V becomes King of England.

1556       In Oxford, Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer  (born 1489) is burned at the stake.

1656       James Ussher (died), Irish archbishop (born 1581)

1768       Joseph Fourier (born), French mathematician and physicist (died 1830)

1788      A fire in New Orleans leaves most of the town in ruins.

1800      With the church leadership driven out of Rome during an armed conflict, Pius VII is crowned Pope in Venice with a temporary papal tiara made of papier-mâché.

1804      Code Napoléon is adopted as French civil law.

1814       Napoleonic Wars: Austrian forces repel French troops in the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube.

1839       Modest Mussorgsky (born), Russian composer (died 1881)

1857       Alice Henry (born), Australian journalist and activist (died 1943)

1857       An earthquake in Tokyo, Japan kills over 100,000.

1861       Vice President of the Confederacy, Alexander Stephens, gives the Cornerstone Speech outlining the fundamental differences between the constitutions of the US and the Confederacy at the Athenaeum in Savannah, Georgia.

1867       Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. (born), American director and producer (died 1932)

1871       Journalist Henry Morton Stanley begins his trek to find the missionary and explorer David Livingstone.

1871       Otto von Bismarck is appointed Chancellor of the German Empire.

1880      Broncho Billy Anderson (born), American actor, director, and producer (died 1971)

1902       Son House (born), American singer and guitarist (died 1988)

1904       Forrest Mars, Sr. (born), American candy maker, created M&M’s and Mars bar (died 1999)

1906       John D. Rockefeller III (born), American philanthropist (died 1978)

1910       Julio Gallo (born), American businessman, co-founded E & J Gallo Winery (died 1993)

1910       Muhammad Siddiq Khan (born), Bangladeshi librarian and educator (died 1978)

1913       Over 360 are killed and 20,000 homes destroyed in the Great Dayton Flood in Dayton, Ohio.

1914       Paul Tortelier (born), French cellist and composer (died 1990)

1915       Frederick Winslow Taylor (died), American engineer (born 1856)

1919       The Hungarian Soviet Republic is established becoming the first Communist government to be formed in Europe after the October Revolution in Russia.

1920       Evelina Haverfield (died), Scottish nurse and activist (born 1867)

1925       Syngman Rhee is removed from office after being impeached as the President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.

1925       The Butler Act prohibits the teaching of human evolution in Tennessee.

1928       Charles Lindbergh is presented with the Medal of Honor for the first solo trans-Atlantic flight.

1930       James Coco (born), American actor (died 1987)

1943       Wehrmacht officer Rudolf von Gersdorff plots to assassinate Adolf Hitler by using a suicide bomb, but the plan falls through. von Gersdorff is able to defuse the bomb in time and avoid suspicion.

1944       Timothy Dalton (born), Welsh-English actor

1945       Rose Stone (born), American singer and keyboard player (Sly and the Family Stone)

1945       World War II: British troops liberate Mandalay, Burma.

1946       The Los Angeles Rams sign Kenny Washington, making him the first African American player in the American football since 1933.

1949       Eddie Money (born), American singer-songwriter and guitarist

1950       Roger Hodgson (born), English singer-songwriter and keyboard player (Supertramp)

1952       Alan Freed presents the Moondog Coronation Ball, the first rock and roll concert, in Cleveland, Ohio.

1960       Massacre in Sharpeville, South Africa: Police open fire on a group of unarmed black South African demonstrators, killing 69 and wounding 180.

1960       Ayrton Senna (born) Brazilian race car driver (died 1994)

1961       Slim Jim Phantom (born), American drummer (Stray Cats, Phantom, Rocker & Slick, Dead Men Walking, and The Head Cat)

1962       Matthew Broderick (born), American actor, singer, and director

1962       Rosie O’Donnell (born), American actress and talk show host

1963       Alcatraz, a federal penitentiary on an island in San Francisco Bay, closes.

1965       Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. leads 3,200 people on the start of the third and finally successful civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama.

1970       The first Earth Day proclamation is issued by Mayor of San Francisco Joseph Alioto.

1980      US President Jimmy Carter announces a United States boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow to protest the Soviet war in Afghanistan.

1985       Michael Redgrave (died), English actor, director, and manager (born 1908)

1989       Sports Illustrated reports allegations tying baseball player Pete Rose to baseball gambling.

1990       Namibia becomes independent after 75 years of South African rule.

1991       Leo Fender (died), American businessman, founded Fender Musical Instruments Corporation (born 1909)

1999       Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones become the first to circumnavigate the Earth in a hot air balloon.

2000      Pope John Paul II makes his first ever pontifical visit to Israel.

2002      Herman Talmadge (died), American politician, 70th Governor of Georgia (born 1913)

 

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EO Smith

Interests include biological anthropology, evolution, social behavior, and human behavior. Conducted field research in the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya and on Angaur, Palau, Micronesia, as well as research with captive nonhuman primates at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and the Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya.
EO Smith
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