15 October

70 BC   Virgil (born), Roman poet (died 19 BC)

1564     Andreas Vesalius (died), Flemish anatomist (born 1514)

1582     Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar. In Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain, October 4 of this year is followed directly by October 15.

1764     Edward Gibbon observes a group of friars singing in the ruined Temple of Jupiter in Rome, which inspires him to begin work on The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

1783     The Montgolfier brothers’ hot air balloon marks the first human ascent, by Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, (tethered balloon).

1793     Queen Marie-Antoinette of France is tried and convicted in a swift, pre-determined trial in the Palais de Justice, Paris, and condemned to death the following day.

1815     Napoleon I of France begins his exile on Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean.

1844     Friedrich Nietzsche (born), German philosopher (died 1900)

1863     American Civil War: The H. L. Hunley, the first submarine to sink a ship, sinks during a test, killing its inventor, Horace L. Hunley.

1878     The Edison Electric Light Company begins operation.

1888     The “From Hell” letter sent by Jack the Ripper is received by investigators.

1894     The Dreyfus affair: Alfred Dreyfus is arrested for spying.

1905     C. P. Snow (born), English chemist and author (died 1980)

1917     Mata Hari (died), Dutch dancer (born 1876)

1920     Mario Puzo (born), American author (died 1999)

1926     Michel Foucault (born), French philosopher (died 1984)

1928     The airship, Graf Zeppelin completes its first trans-Atlantic flight, landing at Lakehurst, New Jersey, United States.

1939     The New York Municipal Airport (later renamed La Guardia Airport) is dedicated.

1951     Mexican chemist Luis E. Miramontes conducts the very last step of the first synthesis of norethisterone, the progestin that would later be used in one of the first threeoral contraceptives.

1951     The first episode of I Love Lucy, an American television sitcom starring Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance, and William Frawley, airs on the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS).

1953     British nuclear test Totem 1 detonated at Emu Field, South Australia.

1956     Fortran, the first modern computer language, is shared with the coding community for the first time.

1964     Cole Porter (died), American composer (born 1891)

1966     Black Panther Party is created by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.

1969     The Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam is held in Washington DC and across the US. Over 2 million demonstrate nationally; about 250,000 in the nation’s capitol.

1990     Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to lessen Cold War tensions and open up his nation.

1997     The first supersonic land speed record is set by Andy Green in Thrust SSC (United Kingdom), exactly 50 years and 1 day after Chuck Yeager first broke the sound barrier in the Earth’s atmosphere.

2008    The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed down 733.08 points, or 7.87%, the second worst day in the Dow’s history based on a percentage drop.

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EO Smith

Interests include biological anthropology, evolution, social behavior, and human behavior. Conducted field research in the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya and on Angaur, Palau, Micronesia, as well as research with captive nonhuman primates at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and the Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya.
EO Smith
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