1 July

552      Totila (died), Ostrogoth king

1277    Baibars (died), Egyptian sultan (born 1223)

1523    Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes become the first Lutheran martyrs, burned at the stake by Roman Catholic authorities in Brussels.

1586    Claudio Saracini (born), Italian lute player and composer (died 1630)

1614    Isaac Casaubon (died), French philologist and scholar (born 1559)

1633    Johann Heinrich Heidegger (born), Swiss theologian (died 1698)

1646    Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (born), German mathematician and philosopher (died 1716)

1766    Jean-François Lefebvre de la Barre was a young French nobleman, famous for having been tortured and beheaded before his body was burnt on a pyre along with a copy of Voltaire’s “Philosophical Dictionary” nailed to his torso for the crime of not saluting a Roman Catholic religious procession in Abbeville, France.

1770    Lexell’s Comet passed closer to the Earth than any other comet in recorded history, approaching to a distance of 0.0146 a.u.

1807   Thomas Green Clemson (born), American politician and educator, founded Clemson University (died 1888)

1837    A system of the civil registration of births, marriages and deaths is established in England and Wales.

1858   Joint reading of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace’s papers on evolution to the Linnean Society.

1860   Charles Goodyear (died), American engineer (born 1800)

1862   American Civil War: the Battle of Malvern Hill takes place. It is the final battle in the Seven Days Campaign, part of George B. McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign.

1862   The Russian State Library is founded.

1863   American Civil War: the Battle of Gettysburg begins.

1863   Keti Koti (Emancipation Day) in Suriname, marking the abolition of slavery by the Netherlands.

1863   William Grant Stairs (born), Canadian-English captain and explorer (died 1892)

1869   William Strunk, Jr. (born), American author and educator (died 1946)

1870   The United States Department of Justice formally comes into existence.

1873    Alice Guy-Blaché (born), American director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1968)

1873    Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation.

1874    The Sholes and Glidden typewriter, the first commercially successful typewriter, goes on sale.

1879    Charles Taze Russell publishes the first edition of the religious magazine The Watchtower.

1881    The world’s first international telephone call is made between St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada, and Calais, Maine, United States.

1884   Allan Pinkerton (died), Scottish-American detective (born 1819)

1890   Canada and Bermuda are linked by telegraph cable.

1896   Harriet Beecher Stowe (died), American author and activist (born 1811)

1898   Spanish–American War: the Battle of San Juan Hill is fought in Santiago de Cuba.

1899   Charles Laughton (born), English-American actor and director (died 1962)

1899   Thomas A. Dorsey (born), American pianist and composer (died 1993)

1902   William Wyler (born), French-American director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1981)

1903   Start of first Tour de France bicycle race.

1906   Estée Lauder (born), American businesswoman, co-founded the Estée Lauder Companies (died 2004)

1908   SOS is adopted as the international distress signal.

1912    David Brower (born), American environmentalist, founded Sierra Club Foundation (died 2000)

1915    Leutnant Kurt Wintgens of the then-named German Fliegertruppe air service achieves the first known aerial victory with a synchronized machine-gun armed fighter plane, the Fokker M.5K/MG Eindecker.

1915    Willie Dixon (born), American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer (died 1992)

1916    Olivia de Havilland (born), Japanese-American actress

1916    World War I: First day on the Somme   On the first day of the Battle of the Somme 19,000 soldiers of the British Army are killed and 40,000 wounded.

1921    The Communist Party of China is founded.

1922    The Great Railroad Strike of 1922 begins in the United States.

1925    Farley Granger (born), American actor (died 2011)

1929    Gerald Edelman (born), American biologist and immunologist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2014)

1930   Carol Chomsky (born), American linguist (died 2008)

1931    Leslie Caron (born), French actress and dancer

1931    United Airlines begins service (as Boeing Air Transport).

1933    C. Scott Littleton (born), American anthropologist and academic (died 2010)

1934    Jamie Farr (born), American actor and screenwriter

1934    Sydney Pollack (born), American actor, director, and producer (died 2008)

1935    James Cotton (born), American singer-songwriter and harmonica player

1935    Regina, Saskatchewan police and Royal Canadian Mounted Police ambush strikers participating in On-to-Ottawa Trek.

1939    Delaney Bramlett (born), American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (Delaney & Bonnie) (died 2008)

1941    Twyla Tharp (born), American dancer and choreographer

1942    World War II: first Battle of El Alamein.

1943    Tokyo City merges with Tokyo Prefecture and is dissolved. Since then, no city in Japan has had the name “Tokyo” (present-day Tokyo is not officially a city).

1946    Mick Aston (born), English archaeologist and academic (died 2013)

1949    John Farnham (born), English-Australian singer-songwriter (Little River Band)

1950    David Duke (born), American politician and activist

1951    Fred Schneider (born), American singer-songwriter and keyboard player (The B-52’s and The Superions)

1951    Victor Willis (born), American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actor (Village People)

1952    Dan Aykroyd (born), Canadian actor, screenwriter, and producer

1958    Flooding of Canada’s St. Lawrence Seaway begins.

1958    The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation links television broadcasting across Canada via microwave.

1959    Specific values for the international yard, avoirdupois pound and derived units (e.g. inch, mile and ounce) are adopted after agreement between the U.S.A., the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries.

1960   Ghana becomes a Republic and Kwame Nkrumah becomes its first President as Queen Elizabeth II ceases to be its Head of state.

1960   Independence of Somalia.

1961    Carl Lewis (born), American long jumper and runner

1961    Diana (born), Princess of Wales (died 1997)

1962    Andre Braugher (born), American actor

1962    Independence of Burundi.

1962    Independence of Rwanda.

1963    The British Government admits that former diplomat Kim Philby had worked as a Soviet agent.

1963    ZIP codes are introduced for United States mail.

1965    Robert Ruark (died), American author (born 1915)

1966    The first color television transmission in Canada takes place from Toronto.

1967    Canada celebrates the 100th anniversary of the British North America Act, 1867, which officially made Canada its own federal dominion.

1967    Pamela Anderson (born), Canadian-American model, actress, and producer

1967    The European Community is formally created out of a merger with the Common Market, the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Commission.

1968   Formal separation of the United Auto Workers from the AFL–CIO.

1968   The CIA’s Phoenix Program is officially established.

1968   The Nuclear non-proliferation treaty is signed in Washington, D.C., London and Moscow by sixty-two countries.

1972    The first Gay Pride march in England takes place.

1974    Juan Perón (died), Argentinian general and politician, President of Argentina (born 1895)

1979    Sony introduces the Walkman.

1980   “O Canada” officially becomes the national anthem of Canada.

1981    Rushton Moreve (died), American bass player and songwriter (Steppenwolf) (born 1948)

1981    The Wonderland murders occurred in the early morning hours, allegedly masterminded by businessman and drug dealer Eddie Nash.

1983   Buckminster Fuller (died), American architect, designed the Montreal Biosphère (born 1895)

1984   The PG-13 rating is introduced by the MPAA.

1987    Snakefinger (died), English singer-songwriter and guitarist (The Residents and Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers) (born 1949)

1987    The American radio station WFAN in New York, New York is launched as the world’s first all-sports radio station.

1989   Daniel Ricciardo (born), Australian race car driver

1990   German reunification: East Germany accepts the Deutsche Mark as its currency, thus uniting the economies of East and West Germany.

1991    Michael Landon (died), American actor, director, and producer (born 1936)

1995    Wolfman Jack (died), American radio host (born 1938)

1996    Margaux Hemingway (died), American actress and model (born 1954)

1997    Charles Werner (died), American cartoonist (born 1909)

1997    China resumes sovereignty over the city-state of Hong Kong, ending 156 years of British colonial rule.

1997    Robert Mitchum (died), American actor and singer (born 1917)

1999    Forrest Mars, Sr. (died), American businessman, created M&M’s and the Mars bar (born 1904)

2000  Walter Matthau (died), American actor and singer (born 1920)

2002   The International Criminal Court is established to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.

2003   Herbie Mann (died), American flute player (born 1930)

2003   Over 500,000 people protested against efforts to pass anti-sedition legislation in Hong Kong.

2004   Marlon Brando (died), American actor (born 1924)

2005   Luther Vandross (died), American singer-songwriter and producer (Change) (born 1951)

2005   Renaldo Benson (died), American singer-songwriter (Four Tops) (born 1936)

2007   Smoking in England is banned in all public indoor spaces.

2008  Mel Galley (died), English guitarist (Whitesnake, Trapeze, Finders Keepers, and Phenomena) (born 1948)

2009   Karl Malden (died), American actor (born 1912)

2013   Charles Foley (died), American game designer, co-created Twister (born 1930)

2013   Neptune’s moon S/2004 N 1 is discovered.

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EO Smith

Interests include biological anthropology, evolution, social behavior, and human behavior. Conducted field research in the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya and on Angaur, Palau, Micronesia, as well as research with captive nonhuman primates at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and the Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya.
EO Smith
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