19 April

1054    Pope Leo IX (died) (born 1002)

1529    Beginning of the Protestant Reformation: The Second Diet of Speyer bans Lutheranism; a group of rulers (German:Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt) protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms.

1560    Philipp Melanchthon (died), German theologian and reformer (born 1497)

1567    Michael Stifel (died), German monk and mathematician (born 1487)

1686    Vasily Tatishchev (born), Russian ethnographer and politician (died 1750)

1713 to ensure that Habsburg lands and the Austrian throne would be inherited by his daughter, Maria Theresa of Austria (not actually born until 1717).

1770    Captain James Cook sights the eastern coast of what is now Australia.

1770    Marie Antoinette marries Louis XVI in a proxy wedding.

1775     The American Revolutionary War begins with an American victory in Concord during the battles of Lexington and Concord.

1782    John Adams secures the Dutch Republic’s recognition of the United States as an independent government. The house which he had purchased in The Hague, Netherlands becomes the first American embassy.

1793    Ferdinand I of Austria (born) (died 1875)

1813     Benjamin Rush (died), American physician and educator (born 1745)

1824    Lord Byron (died), English-Scottish poet (born 1788)

1831     Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger (died), German astronomer and mathematician (born 1765)

1839    The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom and guaranteeing its neutrality.

1861     American Civil War: Baltimore riot of 1861: a pro-Secession mob in Baltimore, Maryland, attacks United States Army troops marching through the city.

1874    Ernst Rüdin (born), Swiss psychiatrist, geneticist, and eugenicist (died 1952)

1877    Ole Evinrude (born), Norwegian-American inventor, invented the outboard motor (died 1934)

1881     Benjamin Disraeli (died), English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (born 1804)

1882    Charles Darwin (died), English biologist and theorist (born 1809)

1892    Charles Duryea claims to have driven the first automobile in the United States, in Springfield, Massachusetts.

1903    Eliot Ness (born), American lawman (died 1957)

1906    Pierre Curie (died), French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b.orn1859)

1906    Spencer Gore (died), English tennis player and cricketer (born 1850)

1914     Charles Sanders Peirce (died), American philosopher and mathematician (born 1839)

1919     Leslie Irvin of the United States makes the first successful voluntary free-fall parachute jump using a new kind of self-contained parachute.

1925    Hugh O’Brian (born), American actor

1927    Mae West is sentenced to 10 days in jail for obscenity for her play Sex.

1928    The 125th and final fascicle of the Oxford English Dictionary is published.

1933    Jayne Mansfield (born), American model, actress, and singer (died 1967)

1935    Dudley Moore (born), English-American actor, screenwriter, and composer (died 2002)

1937    William Morton Wheeler (died), American entomologist (b. 1865)

1938    Stanley Fish (born), American academic and scholar

1940    Dougal Haston (born), Scottish mountaineer (died 1977)

1942    Alan Price (born), English keyboard player and songwriter (The Animals)

1942    Jack Roush (born), American businessman, founded Roush Fenway Racing

1949    Paloma Picasso (born), French-Spanish fashion designer

1951     General Douglas MacArthur retires from the military.

1956    Actress Grace Kelly marries Prince Rainier of Monaco.

1957    Tony Martin (born), English singer-songwriter (Black Sabbath, Giuntini Project, and Empire)

1960    Students in South Korea hold a nationwide pro-democracy protest against President Syngman Rhee, eventually forcing him to resign.

1962    Al Unser, Jr. (born), American race car driver

1967    Konrad Adenauer (died), German politician, 1st Chancellor of Germany (born 1876)

1968    Ashley Judd (born), American actress

1969    Jesse James (born), American motorcycle builder, founded West Coast Choppers

1971     Charles Manson is sentenced to death (later commuted life imprisonment) for conspiracy to commit the Tate/LaBianca murders.

1971     Vietnam War: Vietnam Veterans Against the War begin a five-day demonstration in Washington, DC.

1975    India’s first satellite, Aryabhata, is launched.

1979    Kate Hudson (born), American actress and singer

1985    FBI siege on the compound of The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord (CSAL) in Arkansas.

1985    U.S.S.R performs nuclear tests at Eastern Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk.

1987    The Simpsons premieres as a short cartoon on The Tracey Ullman Show.

1989    A gun turret explodes on the USS Iowa, killing 47 sailors.

1989    Daphne du Maurier (died), English author and playwright (born 1907)

1993    The 51-day siege of the Branch Davidian building outside Waco, Texas, USA, ends when a fire breaks out. Eighty-one people die.

1995    Oklahoma City bombing: The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, is bombed, killing 168.

1999    The German Bundestag returns to Berlin, the first German parliamentary body to meet there since the Reichstag was dissolved in 1933.

2004   John Maynard Smith (died), English biologist (born 1920)

2011     Fidel Castro resigns from the Communist Party of Cuba’s central committee after 45 years of holding the title.

2012    Levon Helm (died), American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (The Band) (born 1940)

2013    Boston Marathon bombings suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev killed in a shootout with police. His brother Dzhokhar Tsarnaev is captured while hiding in a boat inside a backyard in Watertown, Massachusetts.

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EO Smith

Interests include biological anthropology, evolution, social behavior, and human behavior. Conducted field research in the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya and on Angaur, Palau, Micronesia, as well as research with captive nonhuman primates at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and the Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya.
EO Smith
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