11 July

154      Bardaisan (born), Syrian astrologer, scholar, and philosopher (died 222)

1274    Robert the Bruce (born), Scottish king (died 1329)

1346    Charles IV, Count of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia, is elected King of the Romans.

1405    Ming admiral Zheng He sets sail to explore the world for the first time.

1535    Joachim I Nestor (died), Elector of Brandenburg (born 1484)

1576    Martin Frobisher sights Greenland.

1616    Samuel de Champlain returns to Quebec.

1653    Sarah Good (born), American woman accused of witchcraft (died 1692)

1657    Frederick I of Prussia (born) (died 1713)

1709    Johan Gottschalk Wallerius (born), Swedish chemist and mineralogist (died 1785)

1735    Mathematical calculations suggest that it is on this day that dwarf planet Pluto moved inside the orbit of Neptune for the last time before 1979.

1754    Thomas Bowdler (born), English physician and philanthropist (died 1825)

1766    Elisabeth Farnese (died), Italian-Spanish wife of Philip V of Spain (born 1692)

1767    John Quincy Adams (born), American politician, 6th President of the United States (died 1848)

1789    Jacques Necker is dismissed as France’s Finance Minister sparking the Storming of the Bastille.

1796    The United States takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain under terms of the Jay Treaty.

1798    The United States Marine Corps is re-established; they had been disbanded after the American Revolutionary War.

1801    French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons makes his first comet discovery. In the next 27 years he discovers another 36 comets, more than any other person in history.

1804   A duel occurs in which the Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr mortally wounds former Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton.

1825    Thomas P. Grosvenor (died), American soldier and politician (born 1744)

1833   Noongar Australian aboriginal warrior Yagan, wanted for the murder of white colonists in Western Australia, is killed.

1834   James Abbott McNeill Whistle (born), American-English painter (died 1903)

1848   Waterloo railway station in London opens.

1864   American Civil War: Battle of Fort Stevens; Confederate forces attempt to invade Washington, D.C.

1882   James Larkin White (born), American miner, explorer, and park ranger (died 1946)

1886   Boris Grigoriev (born), Russian painter (died 1939)

1888   Carl Schmitt (born), German jurist and philosopher (died 1985)

1889   Tijuana, Mexico, is founded.

1893   The first cultured pearl is obtained by Kokichi Mikimoto.

1895    Brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière demonstrate movie film technology to scientists.

1897    Bull Connor (born), American police officer (died 1973)

1897    Salomon August Andrée leaves Spitsbergen to attempt to reach the North Pole by balloon. He later crashes and dies.

1899   E. B. White (born), American author (died 1985)

1904   Niño Ricardo (born), Spanish guitarist and composer (died 1972)

1914    Babe Ruth makes his debut in Major League Baseball.

1918    Venetia Burney (born), English girl, who named Pluto (died 2009)

1919    The eight-hour day and free Sunday become law for workers in the Netherlands.

1920   Yul Brynner (born), Russian-American actor and director (died 1985)

1921    Former President of the United States William Howard Taft is sworn in as 10th Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, becoming the only person ever to hold both offices.

1922    The Hollywood Bowl opens.

1930   Harold Bloom (born), American author and critic

1930   Trevor Storer (born), English businessman, founded Pukka Pies (died 2013)

1931    Tab Hunter (born), American actor and singer

1934    Engelbert Zaschka of Germany flies his large human-powered aircraft, the Zaschka Human-Power Aircraft, about 20 meters at Berlin Tempelhof Airport without assisted take off.

1934    Giorgio Armani (born), Italian fashion designer, founded the Armani Company

1936    The Triborough Bridge in New York City is opened to traffic.

1937    George Gershwin (died), American pianist and composer (born 1898)

1943    Howard Gardner (born), American psychologist

1943    Rolf Stommelen (born), German race car driver (died 1983)

1950    Bonnie Pointer (born), American singer (The Pointer Sisters)

1950    Pakistan joins the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank.

1956    Sela Ward (born), American actress

1959    Richie Sambora (born), American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (Bon Jovi)

1960   Congo Crisis: The State of Katanga breaks away from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

1960   France legislates for the independence of Dahomey (later Benin), Upper Volta (later Burkina) and Niger.

1960   To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is first published, in the United States.

1962    First transatlantic satellite television transmission.

1962    Project Apollo: At a press conference, NASA announces lunar orbit rendezvous as the means to land astronauts on the Moon, and return them to Earth.

1971    Copper mines in Chile are nationalized.

1971    Pedro Rodríguez (died), Mexican race car driver (born 1940)

1972    The first game of the World Chess Championship between challenger Bobby Fischer and defending champion Boris Spassky starts.

1977    Martin Luther King, Jr. is posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

1979    America’s first space station, Skylab, is destroyed as it re-enters the Earth’s atmosphere over the Indian Ocean.

1989   Laurence Olivier (died), English actor, director, and producer (born 1907)

1994    Gary Kildall (died), American computer scientist, founded Digital Research (born 1942)

2006   John Spencer (died), English snooker player (born 1935)

2007   Lady Bird Johnson (died), American businesswoman, 43rd First Lady of the United States (born 1912)

2008  Michael E. DeBakey (died), American surgeon (born 1908)

2012   Astronomers announce the discovery of Styx, the fifth moon of Pluto.

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EO Smith

Interests include biological anthropology, evolution, social behavior, and human behavior. Conducted field research in the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya and on Angaur, Palau, Micronesia, as well as research with captive nonhuman primates at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and the Institute for Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya.
EO Smith
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